Hesabatlar

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report presents the results of a study carried out as a colloborative effort by the Energy & Geoscience Institute at the University of Utah (EGI), the Balkan Research Petroleum Institute (BalkanNIPINeft) in Nebit-Dag, Turkmenistan and the Geology Institute of Azerbaijan National Academy of Siences (GIA) in Baku, Azerbaijan. The involvement of BalkanNIPINeft took place under the auspices of the Turkmenistan Polytechnical Institute (TPI) in Nebit-Dag.

The study which commenced on February 1, 1997, was performed by scientists from EGI, BalkanNIPINeft and GIA, using data supplied by BalkanNIPINeft and GIA. Most of the work wsa done in EGIs offices in Salt Lake City. The database which is specified in detailed in individual chapters of the report, consists essentially of core samples, wireline logs, oil samples and seismic lines from both offshore and onshore areas of Turkmenistan (Enclosure 1.1).

The report comprises four volumes. The first covers the regional structure and stratigraphy of western Turkmenistan, and includes a sequence-stratigraphic study of the Red Series. Volume II examines the nature of the reservoirs in the Red Series, based mainly on petrographic observations, and identifies the factors controlling variations in small-scale reservoir quality. Volume III characterizes the pertoleum charge system using both conventional geochemical and thermal-modeling techniques and also a novel statistical method of analyzing oils data. Volume IV presents displays summarizing field geology; information on poduction tests; pressure decline and formation water composition; and core analysis data, including results of mercury capillary pressure analysis, for individual field. In addition this volume contains thin-section photomicrographs for fields from which core samples were available.

CONTENTS

VOLUME I. Regional Structure and Stratigraphy

Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Appendices
List of Enclosures

Chapter 1. Introduction and Databases
Chapter 2. Tectonics of southwestern Turkmenistan
Chapter 3. Regional tectonic setting and structural style
Chapter 4. Stratigraphy of southwest Turkmenistan
Chapter 5. Regional sequence stratigraphy of the Red Series in the Southern Caspian Basin
Chapter 6. Habitat of oil and gas

Figures
Tables
Appendices
Enclosures

VOLUME II. Reservoir Distribution and Quality

Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Plates
List of Appendices

Chapter 1. Factors controlling small-scale reservoir quality
Chapter 2. Turkmenistan core samples - mineralogy
Chapter 3. A note on large-scale reservoir quality

Figures
Tables
Plates
Appendices

VOLUME III. Properties and Origin of Oils and Gases

Executive summary
Geochemical summary
Table of contents
List of figures (Appendix 3.1)
List of tables (Appendix 3.2)

 

 

1.0 Introduction

 

2.0 Methods Of Investigation2.1 Turkmenistan Chemical Analysis2.1.1 Bulk Analysis2.1.3 Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID)2.1.4 Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) C₇ Analysis2.1.5 High Temperature Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection2.1.6 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)2.2 Azerbaijan Chemical Analyses2.3 Data Analysis2.3.1 Mango Temperature of OIl Generation Calculations2.3.2 Numerical "Unmixing" Procedure2.3.3 Representation of Model Results

 

3.0 Results3.1 Bulk Analysis3.1.1 Rocks3.1.2 Crude Oils3.2 GC / FID Results3.2.1 Rock Extracts3.2.2 Crude Oils3.2.2.1 Gasoline Range3.2.2.2 Mid Chain and Heavy End3.2.2.3 C₉ - C₁₈ Trace Component Analysis (GC-FID)3.2.2.4 HTGC-FID Results3.3 GC-MS Results3.3.1 Rock Extracts3.3.2 Crude Oils3.4 Vitrinite Reflectance and TAI Results3.5 PVA Fingerprinting Results3.5.1 data Set 1: Azerbaijan Gasoline Range Model3.5.2 data Set 2: Turkmenistan Gasoline Range Model3.5.3 data Set 3: Azerbaijan Alkane / Isoprenoid Model3.5.4 data Set 4: Turkmenistan Alkaline / Isoprenoid Model3.5.5 data Set 5: Azerbaijan Biomarker Model3.5.6 data Set 6: Turkmenistan Biomarker Model3.5.7 data Set 7: Azerbaijan / Turkmenistan Generic Biomarker Compound Class Model

 

4.0 Burial History and Maturity Modeling4.1 Introduction and Objective4.2 Methods4.2.1 Stratigraphic Model4.2.2 Thermal History Model4.2.3 BMOD Calculation parameters4.3 Results

 

5.0 Interpretation5.1 Introduction5.2 Source Rock Characterization5.2.1 Azerbaijan5.2.2 Turkmeinstan5.2.3 Comparison of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan Source Rocks5.3 Crude Oil Characterization5.3.1 Azerbaijan5.3.2 Turkmenistan5.3.3 Comparison of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan Crude Oils5.4 Calculation of Hydrocarbons Generated5.5 Petroleum System Synthesis

 

References

VOLUME IV. Oil and Gas Field Data (Text and Enclosures 1.1 - 5.1)

Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Plates
List of Appendices

Chapter 1. Cheleken
Chapter 2. Komsomol
Chapter 3. Koturdepe
Chapter 4. Barsa-Gelmes
Chapter 5. Burun
Chapter 6. Nebit-Dag
Chapter 7. Kum-Dag
Chapter 8. Karadepe
Chapter 9. Kyzyl-Kum
Chapter 10. Guydzhik
Chapter 11. Erdekli
Chapter 12. W.Erdekli
Chapter 13. Gograndag
Chapter 14. Ekiz-ak
Chapter 15. Bugdaily
Chapter 16. South Bugdaily - Korpedzhe - East Kamyshldzha
Chapter 17. Kamyshldzha
Chapter 18. South Kamyshldzha
Chapter 19. Okarem
Chapter 20. Keymir
Chapter 21. Ak-Patlaukh
Chapter 22. Chekisler
Chapter 23. Fersman and a general note on the Offshore fields
Chapter 24. Ogurchinskaya
Chapter 25. Zhdanov
Chapter 26. LAM
Chapter 27. Livanov

Enclosures

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The onshore South Caspian region of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan has a long history of oil exploration that goes back to the very earliest days of the hydrocarbon age. For a brief period in the early part of the 20^th Century, oil production from Baku exceeded tha from the whole of the USSR. Huge quantities of oil estimated at over 1.7 billion tons have been extracted from this region over the last 100 years.

However, the development of the oil resources of the South Caspian offshore region is still in its infancy. Industry predictions suggest that the potential of the Caspian offshore may exceed 28 Gb (Gb=billion barrels), the equivalent of over one year world demand, with peak production of 32 Mb/d by the year 2025 (Campbell, 1998).

Unitl recently the hydrocarbon system of the South Caspian region was only poorly understood. Considerable advances to the understanding of the source rock and generation of hydrocarbons has arisen from non-exclusive industry studies and publications already completed by the Geochem Group and the Geology Institute of Azerbaijan. Since 1997 the geological literature on the region has improved considerably following publication of various summary papers.

The South Caspian Basin has a geological history that dates back only to the Oligocene, overlying Basement dated as old a Early Jurassic. However, most of the sediments within the basin are dated as no older than Late Neogene, even though a sedimentary section of up to 25-30 km is known. This is a seismically active region that is in the early stages of continental collision, and sedimentation rates since the Early Pliocene are amongst the highest ever recorded for a sedimentary basin. Very high sedimentation rates do not provide the optimum conditions for microfossil preservation and the entire drilled reservoir section may occupy less than the span of one microfossil zone. "Conventional" biostratigraphy cannot therefore be undrertaken on the sedimentary section. Separation of depositional units and criteria for correlation have been mainly based on wireliness to date.

Sedimentary packages in different areas of the South Caspian Basin have been deposited from separate river systems, leading to further prblems of sequence characterization and correlation.

The present study attempts to address some of these problems using techniques of biofacies subdivisions on the basis of reworked (recycled) microfossils and chemostratigraphy that have not previously been applied to the section.

The study also benifits from the inclusion of large amounts of prevously unreleased geological and geophysical data.

Interpreted seismic profiles and field maps showing the location of closures in relation to structural separation within fault compartments are available for most of the fields. These data, as typical for the former Soviet Union, come in a variety of vintages and quality. Electric logs are available for all of the fields that also come fom an initial databases of variable grade. All of these dta have been scanned and redigitised, where necessary, to provide an up to date exploration compendium of standartized high quality information, most of it also available on CD.

This study is an invaluable resource base for operations interested in becoming involved in the future exploration of the South Caspian Basin. The undeveloped hydrocarbon resources of the South Caspina have been put on a par by some pundits with those of Saudi Arabia. It is a region that no recognized operator will be able to ignore in the early years of the new millennium.

CONTENTS

 

 

VOLUME 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION1.1 STUDY BRIEF1.2 REPORT LAYOUT AND PERSONNEL1.3 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND1.4 STUDY DATABASE1.5 GEOLOGICAL SETTING1.5.1 Plate Tectonic Setting and Origin of the South Caspian Basin1.5.2 Basin Limits1.5.3 Sediment Fill of the South Caspian Basin1.6 STRATIGRAPHICAL SCHEMES1.6.1 Introduction1.6.2 Regional Stratigraphy, Mesozoic / Cenozoic; Jurassic; Cretaceous; Tertiary1.6.3 Stratigraphy of the Productive Series and Red Series

 

2. INTEGRATED GEOLOGICAL AN DGEOPHYSICAL DISCUSSION2.1 INTRODUCTION2.2 SEISMIC PROFILES OF FIELDS2.2.1 Gyuneshli Field2.2.2 Chirag Field2.2.3 Azeri Field2.2.4 Promezhutochnaya Field2.2.5 Livanov West Field2.2.6 Livanov East Field2.2.7 Barinov Field2.2.8 Gubkina Field2.2.9 LAM Field2.2.10 Zhdanov Field2.3 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT2.4 CORRELATION2.4.1 Correlation framework2.4.2 Productive Series2.4.3 Red Series2.5 SEQUENCE ANALYSIS2.6 HYDROCARBON PROSPECTIVITY2.6.1 Source rocks2.6.2 Reservoir rocks2.6.3 Traps2.6.4 Seals

 

3. STRATIGRAPHICAL RESULTS3.1 INTRODUCTION3.2 BIOSTRATIGRAPHY3.2.1 Introduction3.2.2 Gyuneshli Field3.2.3 Chirag Field3.2.4 Azeri Field3.2.5 Promezhutochnaya Field3.2.6 Livanov Field3.2.7 Livanov East Field3.2.8 Barinov Field3.2.9 Gubkina Field3.2.10 LAM Field3.2.11 Zhdanov Field3.3 CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY3.3.1 Introduction3.3.2 Statistical Sample Screening3.3.3 Discriminant Function Analysis3.3.4 Discussion of Statistical Result3.3.5 Summary

 

4. GEOCHEMISTRY4.1 INTRODUCTION4.2 SOURCE ROCK INTERPRETATION PARAMETERS4.2.1 Organic Facies and Source Richness4.2.2 Thermal Maturity4.3 INDIVIDUAL WELL INTERPRETATION4.3.1 Well Azeri-14.3.2 Well Azeri-44.3.3 Well Azeri-54.3.4 Well Barinov-44.3.5 Well Chirag-14.3.6 Well Chirag-44.3.7 Well Gubkina-54.3.8 Well Gubkina-104.3.9 Well Gyuneshli-14.3.10 Well Gyuneshli-184.3.11 Well Gyuneshli-44.3.12 Well LAM-194.3.13 Well lAM-244.3.14 Well LAM-264.3.15 Well Livanov-24.3.16 Well Livanov-54.3.17 Well Livanov-64.3.18 Well Promezhurochnaya-14.3.19 Well Zhdanov-324.3.20 Well Zhdanov-364.3.21 Well Zhdanov-64.4 CONCLUSIONS

 

5. PETROGRAPHY5.1 INTRODUCTION5.2 LITHOLOGY5.2.1 Gyuneshli Field5.2.2 Chirag Field5.2.3 Azeri Field5.2.4 Livanov Field5.2.5 Livanov East Field5.2.6 Barinov Field5.2.7 Gubkina Field5.2.8 LAM Field5.2.9 Zhdanov Field5.3 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT5.4 DIAGENESIS5.5 RESERVOIR QUALITY5.5.1 Gyuneshli Field5.5.2 Chirag Field5.5.3 Azeri Field5.5.4 Livanov Field5.5.5 Livanov East Field5.5.6 Barinov Field5.5.7 Gubkina Field5.5.8 LAM Field5.5.9 Zhdanov Field5.6 FACTORS CONTROLLING RESERVOIR QUALITY

 

6. CONCLUSIONS

 

7. REFERENCESFIGURESVOLUME 2APPENDICES

1. Listing of studied sample material
2. Chemical stratigraphy methodology
3. Chemical stratigraphy data
4. Lithological description of samples analysed for chemical stratigraphy
5. Thin section descriptions and photomicrographs
6. SEM data and photomicrographs
7. XRD data and diffractograms

VOLUME 3

ENCLOSURES

1 Detailed location map of fields and wells, Absheron Sill2 Regional cross-section of the fields of the Absheron Sill3A Correlation of the Productive Series3B Correlation of the Red Series>4 Correlation between the Productive and Red Series

 

VOLUME 4


5A Palynological distribution chart, Gyuneshli-15B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Gyuneshli-15C Nannofossil distribution chart, Gyuneshli-15D Stratigraphical summary log, Gyuneshli-15D Chemostratigraphy downwell plot, Gyuneshli-16A Palynological distribution chart, Gyuneshli-46B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Gyuneshli-46C Chemostratigraphy downwell plot, Gyuneshli-47A Stratiographical summary log, Gyuneshli-168A Palynological distribution chart, Guyuneshli-188B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Gyuneshli-188C Nannofossil distribution chart, Gyuneshli-188D Chemostratigraphy downwell plot, Gyuneshli-189A Stratigraphical summary log, Gyuneshli-8310A Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Chirag-410B Stratigraphical summary log, Chirag-411A Stratigraohical summary log, Chirag-512A Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Chirag-612B Stratigraphical summary log, Chirag-613A Palynological distribution chart, Azeri-113B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Azeri-113C Stratigraphical summary log, Azeri-114A Palynological distribution chart, Azeri-414B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Azeri-415A Palynological distribution chart, Azeri-515B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Azeri-515C Stratigraphical summary log, Azeri-516A Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Promezhutochnaya-116B Nannofossil distribution chart, Promezhutochnaya-116C Stratigraphical summary log, Promezhutochnaya-116D Chemostratigraphy downwell plot, Promezhutochnaya-1

 

VOLUME 5

 17A Palynological distribution chart, Livanov-517B Micropalaentological distribution chart, Livanov-517C Stratigraphical summary log, Livanov-518A Palynological distribution chart, Livanov-618B Micropaleontological distribution chart, Livanov-618C Stratigraphical summary log, Livanov-619A Palynological distribution chart, Livanov-820A Palynological distribution chart, Livanov-1221A Palynological distribution chart, Livanov East-1522A Palynological distribution chart, Livanov East-1623A Palynological distribution chart, Barinov-423B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Barinov-423C Nannofossil distribution chart, Barinov-424D Chemostratigraphy downwell plot, Barinov-424A Palynological distribution chart, Gubkina-524B Micropalaeontologoical distribution chart, Gubkina-525A Palynological distribution chart, Gubkina-1025B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Gubkina-1026A Stratigraphical summary log, Gubkina-1128A Stratigraphical summary log, LAM-1029A Palynological distribution chart, LAM-1929B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, LAM-1929C Chemostratigraphy downwell plot, LAM-1930A Palynological distribution chart, LAM-2430B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, LAM-2430C Stratigraphical summary log, LAM-2430D Chemostratigraphy downwell plot, LAM-2431A Palynological distribution chart, LAM-2631B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, LAM-2631C Chemostratigraphy downwell plot, LAM-2632A Palynological distribution chart, Zhdanov-632B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Zhdanov-632C Stratigraphical summary log, Zhdanov-632D Chemostratigraphy downwell plot, Zhdanov-633A Stratigraphical summary log, Zhdanov-2034A Palynological distribution chart, Zhadnov-3234B Micropalaeontological distribution chart, Zhdavon-3235A Stratigraphical summary log, Zhdanov-3536A Palynological distribution chart, Zhadanov-36

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The primary purpose of this joint GIA and UNOCAL study was to better understand the geology and geochemistry of the Paleogene and Miocene age strata of the South Caspian Basin. An attempt was made to investigate source rock potential of this section, improve age dating, review biostratigraphic zonation, and interpret the paleo-depositional environments of these strata. A joint field party visited twelve different outcrop localities on the Absheron Peninsula and west and northwest of the peninsula. Outcrop samples for both geochemical (132 samples) and biostratigraphic (110 samples) analyses were collected from the Paleogene and Miocene, as well as limited Cretaceous samples. An effort was made to take both biostratigraphic and geochemnical samples from all outcrops, not just the intervals that appeared to have source rocks potential based on visual appearance. In addition, core samples (49 samples from 15 different wells), and oil samples (19 samples from 11 different fields) wer provided by the GIA.

Biostratigraphic age dating, and paleoenvironmental interpretations in this study involve both microfossils and macrofossils. Microfossils include foraminifera, ostracods, calcareous nannoplankton, and palynomorphs (dinocysts, pollen, and spores). Macrofossils that are important are mollusks, fish remains, and arthropods. Applying biostratigraphy in the Cenozoic of the South Caspian Basin is often difficult. As many as 90-95% of the muicrofossils in some intervals are reworked (recycled). However, patterns of reworking can be useful and can reveal much about regional structure and tectonics. Study outcrop samples range in age from Barremian to Upper Miocene. The Eocene to Miocene section was sampled in some detail. Paleoenvironments of the study section range from marginal marine and shallow water, restericted marine to deep marine, including outer shelf, slope, and / or abyssal depths.

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) values of the outcrop samples range from 0.01% to 9.29% . RockEval analyses, isotopic data, and biomarker data were acquired from samples that had significant TOC values. The Maykop and Diatom Suites have the highest source rock potential within the Miocene and Paleogene interval. Pristane / phytane ratios of samples from the Diatom Suite and Maykop Suite indicate that the depositional environment of the source rocks range from possible arid to wet climatic conditions. Sterane and triterpane biomarkers support the interpretation of two different depositional environments for the source rocks. In the sterane distributions of some samples, the higher values of C₂₇ and C₂₉ over C₂₈ suggest that the sapropelic matter was deposited in mesosaline settings. In other samples the higher C₂₈ values compared to the C₂₇ and C₂₉ values suggest clastic, more normal marine deposition. Evaluation of oil samples suggest two families of oils distinguished by isotopic composition. Detailed geochemical sampling of the Maykop and Diatom Suites would undoubtedly show subtle vertical variations in isotopic ratios and biomarker attributes.

Vitrinite reflectance values for 15 outcrop samples range from immature to mature. Thermal matiruty values estimated for 9 samples using sterane biomarkers suggest an immature range for those samples. Maturation of outcrop samples based on pollen and spores coloration reflects immature, late immature, and mature stages of thermal alteration.

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

 

• ABSTRACTS
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• REPORT COVER DESCRIPTION
• AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

   

• INTRODUCTION

Study Objectives
Report Organization
Participating Geoscientists
Stratigraphic Units

 

• TYPES OF ANALYSES

Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses

 

• OUTCROP LOCALITIES

Sample Sets
Brief Overview

SUMGAIT STATION
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs

SIANSHORE LAKE
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs

BERBERSHORE LAKE
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Photographs

GEZDEK
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Photographs

MAYKOP LAKE
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

BEDERY
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs

NORTH PEREKESHKYL
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

SOUTH PEREKESHKYL
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs

PEREKESHKYL
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

YUNUSDAG
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

ALTIAGACH
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

XIZY
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Photographs

 

• WELLS (CORE SAMPLES)

Sample Sets
Geochemistry Data for Core Samples

ONSHORE WELLS

CHODAGAR-XORAT#1
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

DUVANNY #73 and #589
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

GERADIL #23 and #55
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

KALAMADYN
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

KYURSANGYA #100
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

NEFTECHALA #57 and #731
Core Interval and Samples
Petrographic Analyses
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs (#57)
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs (#731)

OFFSHORE WELLS

ABSHERON BANK #45
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

NORTH ABSHERON #1 and #5
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

BAKHAR #38, #44 and #51
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Petrographic Analyses
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs (#38)
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs (#44)
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs (#51)

BULLA DENIZ #45 and #57
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

GUNESHLI #1
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

KHAZRI #4
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

LOKBATAN DENIZ #2
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

NEFT DASHLARI #1
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

SANGACHALY DENIZ #550, #551 and #557
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

YUZHNAYA #2-3
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

 

• WELLS (OIL SAMPLES)

Geochemical Evaluation of Oil Samples (Summary Text)

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES AND CHARTS

 

• REPORT APPENDICES

Appendix I: Biostratigraphy report of Azerbaijan outcrop samples (APTI Geosciences Lab, R.Koshkarly and D.Mamedova, 1997)

Appendix II: Biostratigraphy report of selected Azerbaijan outcrop and offshore well samples (D.Mamedova, 1996)

Appendix III: Biostratigraphy report of selected offshore well samples (R.Koshkarly, 1996)

VOLUME II

 

• REPORT APPENDICES (Continued)

Appendix IV: Biostratigraphy report of Azerbaijan outcrop samples (Robertson Research, 1996)

Appendix V: Biostratigraphy report of Azerbaijan core samples (Robertson Research, 1996)

Appendix VI: Geochemical evaluation of outcrop and conventional core samples from the Absheron Peninsula and vicinity (Unocal, G.Rinaldi)

Appendix VII: Geochemical evaluation of onshore and offshore Azerbaijan oils (Unocal, G.Rinaldi, 1996)

Appendix VIII: Petrographic analyses of selected conventional core and outcrop samples (Reservoirs, Inc., 1996)

Appendix XI: Selected maturity parameters showing Robertson Spore Color Index in Relation to other thermal alteration indices, and Vitrinite Reflectance, RpckEval, and related information

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report was produced jointy by Unocal and Geology Institute of Azerbaijan, with a primary goal to describe potential reservoir facies in the Mesozoic section of northern Azerbaijan. The report consists of three volumes. Volume I detailes the geological and organic geochemical results derived from field work done at ten outcrop localities in the Greater Caucasus Mountains in northern Azerbaijan. Strata ranging from Middle Jurassic Aalenian to Upper Cretaceous Maastrichtian were examined and sampled. Volume II contains text and graphics provided by the Geology Institute, including important reservoir, tectonic, structural, stratigraphic, and biostratigraphic information. Biostratigraphy contractor reports (Appendices I, II and III) are also part of this volume. Volume III includes geochemistry and petrography contractor reports (Appendices IV, V, VI, and VII) generated from rocks samples collected at the outcrop localities and from oils by the Geology Institute.

Strata deposited in the Tethyan basin in northern Azerbaijan include a wide variety of facies and lithologies. Facies examined during the course of this project ranged from deep basinal shales to high-energy, shallow water, bioclastic and oolitic grainstone shales. Between these end members were carbonate and clastic turbidite and debris flows, shelf sands, talus deposits, reefs, and shallow lagoonal carbonates. Complicating the study of this strata are the narrow, northwest-southeast trending, structural zones formed as the Arabian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate during the Late Tertiary, resulting in the Greater Caucasus Mountains. The Mesozoic strata of the Caucasus area has been intensily faulted and folded. Although complicating the reconstructions of paleoenvironments, the tectonics of the area did result in the exposure of excellent outcrops. Fossils used for stratigraphic correlation in this area include ammonites, corals, belemnites, gastropods, and brachiopods. Microfossils, such as foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, and dinoflagellates, are also important, and these groups were utilized in the current study for age and paleoenvironmental information. Detailed biostratigraphic work has been undertaken in this region in the past by many Azeri geologists and is summarized in Volume II.

Potential reservoir facies are distributed throughout the mid-Jurassic to upper Cretaceous stratigraphic section of northern Azerbaijan. Promary zone of interest identified in this study include the Albian Kyulyuli sandstones and the reef and grainstone shoal carbonates deposited during Oxfordian and Tithonian time. However, other potantial reservoirs were identified and are discussed in this report.

Two sandstones that have potential as reservoir were sampled during fieldwork and are described in Volume I. The first, the Jimi Suite, was deposited during the upper Aalenina to lower Bajocian. In outcrop these litharenites have modest reservoir qualities. Clay and carbonate cements have significantly reduced the reservoir quality of these sands. Measured porosities range from 2.6% to 7.5%, and permeabilities are under 1.0 millidarcy. The second sandstone, the Kyulyuli sandstone, was deposited in the Albian. At the Altiagach outcrop the Kyulyulisands appear to have been deposited as shelf sands. The sandstone samples collected are classified as lithic arkoses to subarkoses. Measured porosities of the outcrop samples range from 5% to 17%, and permeabilites vary from 3.7 to 40.9 millidarcies. Other potential sandstones reservoirs in northern Azerbaijan are discussed in Volume IV.

Potenbtial carbonate reservoir facies described as part of this study include reefs and high energy shoals deposited in shelf or shallow carbonate platform environments. Reef forming organisms in the Tethyan seaway were diverse and inluded bracnching and massive corals, coralline algae, rudists, enchinoderms, mollusks, brachiopods and bryozoans. The reefs formed by these organisms generated a large amount of bioclastic debris that was reworked and deposited as bioclastic grainstone-packstone shoals. Shallow, high-energy carbonate platforms and shelf environments were also conductive to the formation of oolite shoals. Reef, or boundstone deposits were observed during the fieldwork at Beshbarmag, Charag, Galaalti, and Tengialti. Shallow water bioclastic or ooid grainstoine-packstone shoals were described at Gazma Griz, Galaalti, and Tengialti outcrops. While there was almost no preserved porosity in these facies in outcrop, they could be excellent potential reservoirs given a favourable diagenetic history. Other carbonate facies of interest observed during the fieldworkd include the channelized, deepwater grainstone and packstone in the Nardaran exposure and the hundreds of meters of thin, bioclastic grainstone-packstone turbidites interbedded with deepwater shales at Dibrar.

While the primary focus of this study was reservoir facies, geochemical analyses were run for twenty-five outcrop and twenty-one oil samples. Geochemical screening of the outcrop samples indicates that two rock samples have a TOC content greater than 1.00% . Only one sample, a Barremian-Albian age sample form the Kelevudag section with TOC of 3.16% , has the generative potentoal and Hydrogen Index sufficient to be a good potental source rock. The other sample, of Aptian (?) age from the Dibrar section with TOC of 2.54%, has a low generative potential and Hydrogen Index. The twenty-one oil samples were from the Amirkhanly, Saadan, Chandogar-Zorat, Siazan-Nardaran, Tekchai, Zagly, and Zeyva Fields. Based on the oil analyses, two "effective" source rock systems are present in the PriCaspian-Kuba area, an Oligocene-Miocene source system and an Upper Jurassic source system.

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

 

• IN MEMORIAM
• ABSTRACTS
• LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES
• LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES
• REPORT COVER DESCRIPTION
• AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• INTRODUCTION

Study Objectives
Report Organization
Participating Geoscientists
Chronostratigraphic and Stratigraphic Units

 

• OUTCROP STUDY

Sample Set Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Localities

ALTIAGACH

LOWER ALTIAGACH SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
UPPER ALTIAGACH SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

BESHBARMAG
Overview of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

CHARAG

LOWER SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
UPPER SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

DIBRAR

APTIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
ALBIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
CENOMANIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
TURONIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
CONIACIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
SANTONIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
CAMPANIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
MAASTRICHTIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

GAZMA GRIZ

GAZMA GRIZ SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GAZMA GRIZ SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

JIMICHAI

JURASSIC UPSTREAM SHALE SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
JURASSIC SANDSTONE SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
LOWER CRETACEOUS SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

KELEVUDAG

ROAD CUT SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
VALLEY SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
MOUNTAIN SECTION
Overview of Section
Albian Section
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Cenomanian Section
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Turonian Section
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Coniacian Section
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

NARDARAN
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Reservoir Quality
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

SANATORIUM (GALAALTI)
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

TENGIALTI

LOWER TENGIALTI SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
UPPER TENGIALTI SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

 

• SELECTED OILS STUDY

Oils Sample Set
Study Objectives
Analyses and Interpretation
Conclusions

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES
LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES

VOLUME II

 

• INTRODUCTION

 

• CHAPTER 1: STRUCTURE AND TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF AZERBAIJAN

 

• CHAPTER 2: STRATIGRAPHY AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF JURASSIC AND CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN

 

• CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURE AND DEPOSITION IN THE GREATER CAUCASUS AREA DURING THE JURASSIC AND CRETACEOUS

 

• CHAPTER 4: POTENTIAL OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS IN NORTHEAST AZERBAIJAN

 

• REFERENCES CITED

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES
LIST OF CHARTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES (following Chapter 4)

• REPORT APPENDICES

Appendix I: Geological evaluation of Cretaceous and Jurassic outcrop samples from the South Caspian Basin, Azerbaijan (Reservoirs, Inc., Houston, Texas)


Appendix II: Palynology report of 325 field samples from the Caucasus Mts. (Robertson International Ltd, Llandudno, Wales)


Appendix III: Palynological investigation of a collection of 25 outcrop samples from the Greater Caucasus Mts., Azerbaijan (British Geological Survey, London, England; Jin Riding)

VOLUME III

 

• REPORT APPENDICES (Continued)

Appendix IV: TOC, RockEval, and VR data for 25 South Caspian outcrop samples (APTI Geoscience Lab, Houston, Texas)


Appendix V: Biomarker and related extraction data for one South Caspian outcrop sample (APTI Geoscience Lab, Houston, Texas)


Appendix VI: Petroleum geochemistry of the PriCaspian-Kuba region, onshore northern Azerbaijan (G.Rinaldi, Unocal Technology Group)


Appendix VII: Geochemical analyses of 22 Azeri oils (APTI Geoscience Lab, Houston, Texas)